国际图书馆协会与机构联合会（IFLA）数字图书馆宣言

弥合数字鸿沟：让所有人都能获取世界文化和科学遗产

数字鸿沟即信息鸿沟

    弥合数字鸿沟是实现联合国千年发展目标的关键因素。信息资源与通信技术支持着医疗、教育、文化与经济的发展。

    信息的传播使公民能够参与终身学习与教育。关于世界各地成就的信息使每个人都能建设性地参与其社会环境的发展。

    平等获取人类文化和科学遗产是每个人的权利，它有助于促进对世界多样性的学习和理解，不仅对当代人是这样，对我们的后代也是如此。

    图书馆在促进和平和人类价值观的过程中始终发挥着核心作用。今天，图书馆的运作已实现数字化，其数字化的服务跨越地理和社会的界线，联通不同的文化，开启了通往知识与信息世界的新渠道。

数字图书馆

    数字图书馆是高质量数字化馆藏的在线汇集，依据国际普遍接受的馆藏发展原则制作、收藏和管理，以协调统一和可持续的方式开放馆藏，并辅以必要的服务，使读者能够借阅和使用其资源。

    数字图书馆是图书馆服务的组成部分，它应用新科技使人们能够获取数字化馆藏。数字图书馆馆藏的制作、管理和开放，使某一特定群体或一系列群体能够简易、经济地获取这些资源。

    数字图书馆协作系统将公共图书馆与研究性图书馆连接起来形成数字信息网络，以满足信息社会的需求。参与数字图书馆协作系统的所有伙伴必须拥有可互操作的手段。

    数字图书馆是对数字档案和信息资源保护行动的有益补充。

任务和目标

    数字图书馆的任务是以有序和权威的方式提供数字和非数字信息资源的直接获取通道，在现代图书馆服务中将信息技术、教育和文化联系起来。要完成这项任务，就要努力实现以下目标：

• 支持数字化，支持文化与科学遗产的保护与获取。
• 在尊重知识产权的前提下，为所有用户提供图书馆收集的信息资源。
• 建立可互操作的数字图书馆系统，推动信息资源的开放标准与获取。
• 支持图书馆和信息服务在促进统一标准和最佳实践方面发挥关键作用。
• 让人们意识到迫切需要确保数字材料的永久可获取性。
• 将数字图书馆接入高速研发网络。
• 利用日益联通的传播媒体，以及机构在生成和传播数字内容方面的作用。

内容的生成、获取和保护

     建设数字图书馆需要数字形式的源内容，无论这些内容是经过数字化处理的还是本身就是以数字形式生成的。

     许多国家都制定了国家数字化计划，还有更多的国家将这样做，这是信息社会世界首脑会议^[1]达成的共识。国际图书馆协会与机构联合会强烈支持和鼓励国家和国际数字化战略，以及单个图书馆或图书馆的合作倡议。数字化能够创建虚拟的藏品，汇集世界各地的资料。数字化还能在原文件或媒介日趋损毁的情况下起到保护作用。无论经数字化或本来就以数字形式生成的资料都应受到保护。所有数字图书馆计划都应纳入由有关部门负责的数字保护计划。

    数字图书馆是集馆藏、服务和人为一体的平台，为数据、信息和知识从创建、传播、使用到保存的整个生命周期提供支持。

    可互操作性和可持续性是数字图书馆互相交流的关键。符合广泛接受的开放标准和协定的数字图书馆可以增进世界范围内知识的传播和获取。

宣言的执行

    国际图书馆协会与机构联合会鼓励各国政府、政府间组织以及支助者认识到数字图书馆的战略重要性，并鼓励它们积极支持数字图书馆的发展。对大规模数字化计划的支持使更广泛的受众能够获取文化和科学信息，并推动国家和国际长期可持续的数字图书馆计划。

    国家和当地政府必须为弥合数字鸿沟、保证信息获取的可持续性提供具体的立法和财政支持。所有长期战略都必须致力于弥合数字鸿沟、强化教育、扫盲和文化的发展，以及最重要的一点：提供获取信息的通道。

弥合数字鸿沟还意味着有关部门必须采取行动，将信息扫盲纳入教育课程，并让人们意识到，很多以往很有价值的信息还有待数字化处理。

    国际图书馆协会与机构联合会鼓励图书馆与其他文化与科学遗产机构合作，提供支持教育、科研、旅游业和创意工业的丰富多彩的数字资源。

与所有权人和其他利益攸关方的磋商十分重要。在将当地社区的物质与非物质文化遗产数字化之前，数字图书馆的设计和实施者应当与社区充分协商，以保证他们的权利和愿望得到尊重。数字图书馆的建设还必须照顾到残障人的特殊需要，保证他们平等获取信息的权利。

• 有关部门应认识到，任何层次（国家、地区和当地）的数字图书馆计划都应涵盖以下方面：
• 训练有素的员工
• 合适的建筑和设施
• 图书馆和档案馆的综合规划
• 资金
• 目标设定
• 信息社会世界首脑会议^[2]推荐的国家信息通讯战略可为数字图书馆的筹建打下坚实的基础。

1 信息社会世界首脑会议第二阶段会议，突尼斯，2005 年，《信息社会议程》，第93 段

2 参见：信息社会世界首脑会议，日内瓦，2003 年，《行动计划》行动方针C1，第8 段；突尼斯，2005 年，《信息社会议程》，第90 段

Bridging the Digital Divide: making the world’s cultural and scientific heritage accessible to all

The digital divide is an information divide

Bridging the digital divide is a key factor in achieving the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. Access to information resources and the means of communication supports health and education as much as culturaland economic development.
The dissemination of information enables citizens to participate in life-long learning and education. Information about the world’s achievements allows everyone to participate constructively in the development of their own social environment.
Equal access to the cultural and scientific heritage of mankind is every person’s right and helps promote learning and understanding of the richness and diversity of the world, not only for the present generation, but also for the generations to come.
Libraries have long been essential agents in fostering peace and human values. Libraries now operate digitally, and their digital services open up a new channel to the universe of knowledge and information, connecting cultures across geographical and social boundaries.

Digital libraries

A digital library is an online collection of digital objects, of assured quality, that are created or collected and managed according to internationally accepted principles for collection development and made accessible in a coherent and sustainable manner, supported by services necessary to allow users to retrieve and exploit the resources.

A digital library forms an integral part of the services of a library, applying new technology to provide access to digital collections. Within a digital library collections are created, managed and made accessible in such a way that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities.

A collaborative digital library allows public and research libraries to form a network of digital information in response to the needs of the Information Society. The systems of all partners in a collaborative digital library must be able to interoperate.

A digital library complements digital archives and initiatives for the preservation of information resources.

Mission and Goals

The mission of the digital library is to give direct access to information resources, both digital and non-digital, in a structured and authoritative manner and thus to link information technology, education and culture in contemporary library service. To fulfil this mission the following goals are pursued:

• Supporting digitisation, access to and preservation of cultural and scientific heritage.
• Providing access for all users to the information resources collected by libraries, while respecting intellectual property rights.
• Creating interoperable digital library systems to promote open standards and access.
• Supporting the pivotal role of libraries and information services in the promotion of common standards and best practices.
• Creating awareness of the urgent need to ensure the permanent accessibility of digital material.
• Linking digital libraries to high-speed research and development networks.
• Taking advantage of the increasing convergence of communications media and institutional roles to create and disseminate digital content.

Content creation, access and preservation

Building a digital library requires sources of content in digital form, whether digitised or born digital content.

Many countries have created national digitisation programmes, and more will do so, as agreed by the World Summit on the Information Society.1 IFLA strongly supports and encourages both national and international digitisation strategies as well as single library and partnership initiatives. Digitisation allows the creation of virtual collections bringing together material across continents. Digitisation also has a preservation role in the case of deteriorating original documents and media.

The products of digitisation themselves must be preserved, just as born-digital material must be preserved. All digital library initiatives must include plans for digital preservation by an appropriate authority.

The digital library serves as an environment to bring together collections, services, and people in support of the full life cycle of creation, dissemination, use and preservation of data, information and knowledge.

Interoperability and sustainability are key to the vision of digital libraries able to communicate with each other. Digital libraries that conform to commonly agreed open standards and protocols improve world-wide knowledge dissemination and access.

Implementing the Manifesto

IFLA encourages national governments, intergovernmental organisations and sponsors to recognise the strategic importance of digital libraries and to actively support their development. Contributions to large-scale digitisation programmes serve to make cultural and scientific information resources more widely available, and advance national and international digital library initiatives that will be sustainable over time.

Specific legislation and financial support from national and local governments is required to bridge the digital divide and to ensure sustainable access. Any long-term strategy must aim to bridge the digital divide and to strengthen the development of education, literacy, culture - and most of all - to provide access to information.

Bridging the digital divide also implies the need for action by the appropriate authorities to incorporate information literacy into education curricula, and to raise awareness that much valuable information from the past is not in digital form.

IFLA encourages libraries to collaborate with other cultural and scientific heritage institutions to provide rich and diverse digital resources that support education and research, tourism and the creative industries.

Consultation with rights owners and other stakeholders is essential. Designers and implementers of digital libraries should consult fully with indigenous communities, whose tangible and intangible cultural heritage it is proposed to digitise, to ensure that their rights and wishes are respected. The implementation of the digital library must also support equity of access to the content by meeting the special needs of people with disabilities.

Authorities should be aware that active planning for digital libraries at any level (national, regional and local) should cover the following issues:

• Trained personnel
• Adequate buildings and facilities
• Integrated planning for libraries and archives
• Funding
• Target setting

National e-strategies, as recommended by the World Summit on the Information Society,2 could establish a firm basis for planning digital libraries.

Revised version endorsed by the IFLA Governing Board
December 2010
http://www.ifla.org/publications/ifla-manifesto-for-digital-libraries

转载自：http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4c683f990100x6kp.html